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Philosophy Reader for French High School Students 2: Can Human Beings Make Independent Choices and Bear Moral Responsibilities?
Philosophy Reader for French High School Students 2: Can Human Beings Make Independent Choices and Bear Moral Responsibilities?
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When faced with obligations, do we have the freedom to obey or resist? When faced with a choice, what is my code of conduct?
Does obeying morality mean we lose our freedom? But if people do not have free will, do they still need to bear moral responsibility?
Does a morality that allows exceptions still have value? Is there any humanity left in a morality that does not tolerate exceptions?
When you face a dilemma─
You need moral philosophy to allow you to calmly and rationally conduct dialectics and develop consistent values and judgment standards.
When you fall into a theoretical alley of left and right offense and defense─
You need moral philosophy to bring you back to the real human situation and fill your thoughts with the warmth of humanity.
People's real life is full of complex moral choices, and they have to face difficult situations from time to time:
From going out to shop – is it okay to buy food or products that are not environmentally friendly? Should you shop at a mall that exploits its employees?
Workplace Ethics─My boss asks me to deceive the manufacturer. As an employee, should I do it? How much concessions can I make in order to sell my goods to a centralized state?
It’s a life-or-death decision—can I have an abortion if I’m pregnant with a baby I can’t take care of? To what extent can the state interfere with people's lives?
Some decisions are made within a short distance, but they affect the well-being of others thousands of miles away - should I drink sweat coffee and buy a sweat phone?
Although some things happen far away, they are issues of universal concern to mankind - Should they accept homeless foreign refugees, or should they take care of national interests first?
In fact, there is not just one way of thinking or one criterion for dealing with moral dilemmas. Moral philosophy consists in conducting calm and rational dialectics on emotionally charged life experiences in order to develop consistent values and judgment standards so that people can settle down and live their lives. Moral philosophy also consists in engaging in formal debates and attacks and defenses, always drawing back to oneself and the real situation of human beings to empathize, so as not to become empty and unpractical theories.
Moral philosophy also touches on deeper metaphysical questions: Do humans have free will? Where does free will come from? The purpose of morality is happiness, but if happiness is subject to chance, is moral effort meaningful? Does morality require consideration of motivation or purpose? Is morality nobler or more rigid without regard to motivation or purpose?
Moral philosophy is also closely related to the real situation: if morality is a value and rule agreed upon by a group, it will inevitably serve the well-being of individuals and groups, and will also inevitably generate rights and obligations. So how should these rights, obligations, and well-being be distributed in society?
After reading the opinions of philosophers throughout the ages, you will find that the moral situation faced by human beings has not changed much, only the external form has changed. You will also find that thinking in moral philosophy will not just be a formal debate, but touch upon the most real dilemmas of human beings and conduct warm reflections.
Does obeying morality mean we lose our freedom? But if people do not have free will, do they still need to bear moral responsibility?
Does a morality that allows exceptions still have value? Is there any humanity left in a morality that does not tolerate exceptions?
When you face a dilemma─
You need moral philosophy to allow you to calmly and rationally conduct dialectics and develop consistent values and judgment standards.
When you fall into a theoretical alley of left and right offense and defense─
You need moral philosophy to bring you back to the real human situation and fill your thoughts with the warmth of humanity.
People's real life is full of complex moral choices, and they have to face difficult situations from time to time:
From going out to shop – is it okay to buy food or products that are not environmentally friendly? Should you shop at a mall that exploits its employees?
Workplace Ethics─My boss asks me to deceive the manufacturer. As an employee, should I do it? How much concessions can I make in order to sell my goods to a centralized state?
It’s a life-or-death decision—can I have an abortion if I’m pregnant with a baby I can’t take care of? To what extent can the state interfere with people's lives?
Some decisions are made within a short distance, but they affect the well-being of others thousands of miles away - should I drink sweat coffee and buy a sweat phone?
Although some things happen far away, they are issues of universal concern to mankind - Should they accept homeless foreign refugees, or should they take care of national interests first?
In fact, there is not just one way of thinking or one criterion for dealing with moral dilemmas. Moral philosophy consists in conducting calm and rational dialectics on emotionally charged life experiences in order to develop consistent values and judgment standards so that people can settle down and live their lives. Moral philosophy also consists in engaging in formal debates and attacks and defenses, always drawing back to oneself and the real situation of human beings to empathize, so as not to become empty and unpractical theories.
Moral philosophy also touches on deeper metaphysical questions: Do humans have free will? Where does free will come from? The purpose of morality is happiness, but if happiness is subject to chance, is moral effort meaningful? Does morality require consideration of motivation or purpose? Is morality nobler or more rigid without regard to motivation or purpose?
Moral philosophy is also closely related to the real situation: if morality is a value and rule agreed upon by a group, it will inevitably serve the well-being of individuals and groups, and will also inevitably generate rights and obligations. So how should these rights, obligations, and well-being be distributed in society?
After reading the opinions of philosophers throughout the ages, you will find that the moral situation faced by human beings has not changed much, only the external form has changed. You will also find that thinking in moral philosophy will not just be a formal debate, but touch upon the most real dilemmas of human beings and conduct warm reflections.
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